|
Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over an access to water resources.〔〔〔Wolf A., et al.〕 The United Nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private.〔(United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008 )〕 A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though rarely are traditional wars waged over water alone.〔Peter Gleick, 1993. ("Water and conflict." ) ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).〕 Instead, water has historically been a source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. However, water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.〔Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d’Etat – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007〕 A comprehensive online database of water-related conflicts—the Water Conflict Chronology—has been developed by the Pacific Institute.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Water Conflict Chronology )〕 This database lists violence over water going back nearly 5,000 years. These conflicts occur over both freshwater and saltwater, and both between and within nations. However, conflicts occur mostly over freshwater; because freshwater resources are necessary, yet limited, they are the center of water disputes arising out of need for potable water and irrigation.〔() Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008〕 As freshwater is a vital, yet unevenly distributed natural resource, its availability often impacts the living and economic conditions of a country or region. The lack of cost-effective water supply options in areas like the Middle East,〔(Murakami, Masahiro. 1995. ) ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.〕 among other elements of water crises can put severe pressures on all water users, whether corporate, government, or individual, leading to tension, and possibly aggression.〔() United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008〕 Recent humanitarian catastrophes, such as the Rwandan Genocide or the war in Sudanese Darfur, have been linked back to water conflicts. A recent report "Water Cooperation for a Secure World" published by Strategic Foresight Group concludes that active water cooperation between countries reduces the risk of war. This conclusion is reached after examining trans-boundary water relations in over 200 shared river basins in 148 countries,〔(Water Cooperation for a Secure World ), Strategic Foresight Group〕 though as noted below, a growing number of water conflicts are sub-national. == Causes == According to the 1992 International Conference on Water and the Environment,〔ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : (the Dublin statement and report of the conference ), Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization〕 water is a vital element for human life, and human activities are closely connected to availability and quality of water. Unfortunately, water is a limited resource and in the future access "might get worse with climate change, although scientists' projections of future rainfall are notoriously cloudy" writes Roger Harrabin.〔Roger Harrabin, ("Shortages: Water supplies in crises" ), "BBC News", 19 June 2012〕 Moreover, "it is now commonly said that future wars in the Middle East are more likely to be fought over water than over oil," said Lester R. Brown at a previous Stockholm Water Conference.〔("How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century" )〕 Water conflicts occur because the demand for water resources and potable water can exceed supply, or because control over access and allocation of water may be disputed. Elements of a water crisis may put pressures on affected parties to obtain more of a shared water resource, causing diplomatic tension or outright conflict. 11% of the global population, or 783 million people, are still without access to improved sources of drinking water 〔("UN Water Statistics" ), "UN Water"〕 which provides the catalyst for potential for water disputes. Besides life, water is necessary for proper sanitation, commercial services, and the production of commercial goods. Thus numerous types of parties can become implicated in a water dispute. For example, corporate entities may pollute water resources shared by a community, or governments may argue over who gets access to a river used as an international or inter-state boundary. The broad spectrum of water disputes makes them difficult to address. Locale, local and international law, commercial interests, environmental concerns, and human rights questions make water disputes complicated to solve – combined with the sheer number of potential parties, a single dispute can leave a large list of demands to be met by courts and lawmakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Water conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|